Paleo or PaleNo? The Complete Scoop on the Paleolithic Diet

   

       The Paleolithic diet, commonly known as "paleo," is the latest hot trend in nutrition. It's not only a new way of eating, but a new type of lifestyle that turns our conventional notion of a healthy diet completely upside down. 

      The composition of the diet is spelled out in the name itself. Paleolithic diet: The diet of a caveman. "What is the diet of the caveman?" you ask. Think of what humans ate 2.5 million to 10 thousand years ago. Now, that's wayyy back! That's before the agricultural and industrial revolutions. Before these two major time periods, many types of food had not yet been developed or weren't consumed. Legumes, grains, dairy, refined sugar, processed foods, potatoes, salt, and refined vegetable oils were nonexistent during the Paleolithic era. 

       According to Loren Cordain, founder of the paleo diet, the human body has evolved up to the point to best function under the diet of our Paleolithic ancestors. All subsequently added foods are toxic to the human body and are responsible for the high incidence of obesity and weight related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. 

Oh, the way we've come.

       Scaling back our diets to exclude the aforementioned foods will purify our dietary intake to the "real" food that our bodies are meant to consume, thus making us healthier in every way imaginable. Cordain promises that following paleo will result in weight loss, increased energy, athletic performance, mental clarity, and libido, slowed or reversed progression of autoimmune diseases, and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.   

       Those are some hefty promises to fulfill. Does paleo measure up? Time to take a deeper look...

       Since we've established what you can't eat on paleo, what can you eat? Grass fed meats, seafood, fresh fruits and non-starchy vegetables, eggs, nuts/ seeds (no peanuts since it's a legume), and healthful oils (olive, walnut, flaxseed, macadamia, avocado, and coconut) are allowed. The diet's nutrient breakdown is 39% fat, 38% protein, and 23% carbohydrate- Slightly exceeding the recommended daily allowance of fat/protein and half the minimum amount of carbohydrates recommended.

Paleolithic Food Pyramid

       The proposed mechanism behind paleo's weight loss benefit lies in its high protein and fiber content. Firstly, protein has a thermic effect on your body. It revs up your metabolism, therefore accelerating weight loss.  Furthermore, fiber and protein satiate hunger the most. With that in mind, if your meals are concentrated in protein and fiber, then you will be able to get satiated (full) by eating less, resulting in weight loss. Carbohydrates are the least efficient at fulfilling hunger, and paleo's low carbohydrate content saves you from wasting calories on carbs that won't fill you up, thereby promoting weight loss. 

"Mama always said carbohydrates are the devil"

       Lastly, since paleo cuts out grains, processed food, and refined sugars, nutrient-free caloric bombs are made obsolete. Fast food, sugary sweets, and snack foods (chips, soda, etc) are no longer a part of your world. You won't have to worry about succumbing to a late night pizza, cheeseburger, potato chip, candy, or ice cream craving as these foods are nowhere in your house. Besides, your increased satiety will make junk food irrelevant to you. When you reach for an edible vice, it's mostly due to zapped energy or a nutritionally deficient meal eaten beforehand. When on paleo, with a tummy full of sustainable energy, you will run at all four cylinders and won't look twice at that Twinkie. If you really want a sweet treat, you'll have an apple with almond butter- sweet but nutritious and satiating.

Fred Flinstone, the OG of Paleo.
So Full of Energy, this Guy.

       As for disease prevention, the low glycemic index of the carbohydrates in paleo (since they are all complex carbohydrates, not refined) slows the rise in blood sugar levels- which explains how it manages and prevents type 2 diabetes.  
       The high amount of fiber, omega-3's, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in paleo will boost the body's concentration of HDL, improving heart health and reducing risk of heart disease. 
       Paleo promises to rejuvenate the soul as well as the body. Since it encourages people to cook at home instead of going with the ready made meals that are a staple of the American diet, it creates an outlet for creativity. Cordain states that this is a new activity that distracts one from less healthy activities such as television or even dangerous habits such as drugs or violence. Furthermore, preparing meals at home can also save money. 
       At this point, it seems like paleo is a G-d send. You will feel fantastic, have a ton of energy, look great, save money, learn how to cook, and lose weight. "Sign me up!" Hold your horses, my friends. Never sign up without reading the fine print. 

Careful what you're signing off on...

       First off, there are problems in the name itself. It's a pretty wide sweeping claim to state that this is the typical diet of all Paleolithic humans. How does Cordain know that? He has a PhD in exercise science, not archaeology. Even archaeologists are not 100% sure of what cavemen ate. It's not like Trogmog the caveman instagrammed his meals. Some ancient shattered pottery, fossils, and bones can only tell us so much. Cordain's lack of archaeological background is highlighted when considering that paleolithic human teeth have been found with remains of grains stuck in them. Wonder how they got there? Oh...because they were eaten! Now that we know grains were indeed consumed during the Paleolithic era, the concept of the paleo diet is rather shaken up.

Caveman Instagram

       What were the exact proportions of meat to produce in the Paleolithic era diet? We're not sure. It's important to realize that there was not one solid Paleolithic diet. It varied by geography. Looking at the modern hunter gatherer groups, their diets are quite diverse. For example, the Inuit diet is 80% meat/ fish and 20% fruit/ vegetables while the !Kung diet is 50% seeds/ nuts, 20% fruit/ vegetables, and 10% meat/ fish. Thus, if we are not sure what the exact diet of the real paleo people was, how can we be so confident to prescribe one as a magical cure all?
       Even if we assume that there was a standard Paleolithic diet, was it actually beneficial to health? The paleo diet romanticizes ancient times: No industry, agriculture, or other complications of modern day, just pick berries, hunt, run around, and make sweet love to your wife Grogtok in a cave. Ahh, the good old days! You seem to be forgetting the fact that humans in the Paleolithic era weren't lean bodied because of their dietary composition, but because of no diet at all! Food was difficult to come by and people went on for weeks without eating. 
       Going back to a Paleolithic diet's meat component, how simple do you think it was to get meat in those days? Well, on the 20% chance the animal didn't eat you (remember, humans were part of the food chain then), you'd have some meat to feast on, but this wasn't often. Paleolithic humans were seriously malnourished! Most of them did not live past 40 and they were often dead before hitting puberty- so much for the sweet cave action.

The Good Old Days!

       Cordain states that the introduction of foods resultant from the industrial/ agricultural revolution are responsible for heart disease. If this is so, then heart disease should be nonexistent in the Paleolithic era. An examination of 137 Paleolithic "mummies" from around the world revealed that 47 of them had atherosclerosis. Well, wouldn't you know?
       Paleo's main foundation is the assertion that humans have only evolved to best function under the diet typical of the Paleolithic era. Our bodies supposedly haven't evolved at all since then, so we should make no changes to our diet. Oh really?! Nooo evolution, they say? How does Cordain explain the development of lactose tolerance in humans within 7,000 years ago? How about the genetic resistance to malaria that came about 5,000-10,000 years ago? Or the difference in intestinal bacteria from the present and Paleolithic eras? Cordain has little grasp on evolution and genetic expression, yet he uses them as a strong selling point for his diet, amazing. 

       Now that we've scratched the surface of this diet, let's get down to the dirty nuts and bolts. Does it really work? Is it really beneficial? 
       Cutting out grains, dairy, and legumes is not wise. Doing so excludes viable and affordable sources of protein, fiber, calcium, and vitamins. These foods are helpful for maintaining a healthy, balanced diet. Yes, you can do so without, but that will require careful planning by a registered dietitian (RD), not to mention ample supplementation of Vitamin D and calcium since paleo dieters are usually deficient from a lack of dietary sources. 
       Moreover, the concentration on meat makes paleo dieters susceptible to high cholesterol, putting them at risk for heart disease. Too bad paleo doesn't allow whole grains, which are proven to lower cholesterol. 
       "Wahhh, but Michelle! Studies have shown that paleo reduces blood pressure, LDL [bad cholesterol], and triglycerides!" Don't get your paleo panties in a bunch. A lot of people think they can just yell "studies have shown...!" and there's no comeback to that. Haha, you clearly don't know who you're talking to.  Please, SHOW ME THOSE STUDIES. I've examined this mere handful of studies myself, and I have a lot to say. None of them are long term, clinical studies- the type that would actually yield substantial evidence. They were all short term studies with a limited number of participants. A short term study does not divulge whether a diet has long lasting, beneficial effects. If a study has a small number of participants, it is subject to sampling bias, creating false results. Again, these unsubstantiated studies are few in number and have only popped up recently. Compare this to the THOUSANDS of clinical, long term studies for the past century proving the importance of legumes, grains, and dairy in a balanced diet and in disease prevention/ treatment. 
       If you don't care for studies, look at the Inuits, one of the modern day hunter gatherers whose diets focuses largely on meat. Inuits suffer from a high incidence of cardiovascular diseases, from all the animal fat, and osteoporosis, from the lack of dietary calcium. Know what lowers your risk for osteoporosis and heart disease? Whole grains. Nope, can't have any, you're on paleo. Sorry.

       Cordain advises his flemmings minions subscribers that "protein is a paleo dieters best friend." That's quite interesting considering the ceiling on safe protein intake is 30-40% of daily intake and paleo's nutrient composition is 38% protein. This is severely dangerous as it is very easy to consume more protein by accident. Excessive intake of protein can cause protein toxicity, which is characterized as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and eventually death. Furthermore, high protein low carbohydrate diets have been linked to heart disease, cancer, and kidney damage. 
       Despite all of this compelling information, you still want to forge on with paleo. Why? The prospect of a lean, muscular physique is an enticing carrot to a very hungry mule. Will you lose weight on paleo? No doubt about it. It's very easy to lose weight when depriving yourself of entire food groups. What is doubtful, however, is paleo's weight loss sustainability. Completely abstaining from a type of food makes it even more tempting. No matter how many times you tell everyone (and yourself) how much you love salmon and mashed celery root, the mere sight of a cheese burger and fries will make you salivate. Relapse is inevitable, just like any other extremely restrictive diet. Eventually, you'll cheat on paleo. Then you'll do it again, and again, until the next thing you know, you wake up in a pile of empty pizza boxes and candy wrappers. Most, if not all, of the weight will be back. You will tell yourself that you'll be good again, and you may start back up, but let's be honest, you're just going to fall off the paleo wagon once more. Don't feel bad, it's the typical Greek tragedy of any restrictive diet. Remember Atkins? 

       Regardless of the fallacies in paleo itself, what irks me even more are the members of this cult paleo dieters themselves. They have what I like to call "Born Again Syndrome." Paleo dieters resemble the born again religion fanatics, believing that they have transcended the rest of man kind into a holier than though state of healthiness. They look back at the error of their ways, regret their dietary sins, and try to spread the gospel to others. "Excuse me friend, I notice you're eating a peanut butter sandwich. Do you have a minute to talk about the teachings of the paleo diet?"
       Sorry to break it to you, but driving your high horse Prius to Whole Foods/ farmers market to pick up grass fed meats, organic produce, and nuts does not make you the second coming of Christ. 

Because I know you're dying to tell me

       You're not doing anyone a favor. In fact, you may be harming us all. Adopting paleo on a global scale would be environmentally destructive. The diet is largely meat based and animal agriculture is one of the leading contributors to global warming and deforestation- Mo' paleo, mo' meat', mo' problems.
       Not only is paleo restrictive to dietary intake, but it also restricts who can follow it. Who do you think has the means to afford grass fed meats and organic produce? Who has the time to avoid processed foods and cook everything instead? Who can afford alternatives to grains, dairy, and refined sugar? Upper middle class/ rich White people, that's who. Go ahead, tell the average American they can't have grains, processed food, legumes, dairy, or refined sugars. I dare you. I'm positive that you will be met with a resounding "Ain't nobody got time for that!" Paleo is quite financially and time consuming. Unfortunately, most people cannot afford it. 

       My favorite part about the paleo diet is how polarizing it is among dietitians. I have seen my colleagues get into literal screaming matches that ended up in third grade-esque "you're stupid!" "no, you're stupid!" It's always quite fun to watch. 

RDs on Paleo

       Where do I stand? I'm in the middle. I see the benefits, and I also see the risks. I believe that we should take certain elements from paleo: cutting out refined grains/ sugars and processed foods. An emphasis on cooking at home is also fantastic. However, I don't agree with abolishing all grains, dairy, and legumes- they are viable parts of a healthy diet and losing them would be harmful to your health, not to mention your sense of pleasure. Come on, no pizza, potatoes, or ice cream ever?! This is not a world I care to live in. 
       Honestly though, if paleo is working out and you truly believe that it's the best for you, then I won't stop you. While I do not advocate extreme restrictive diets, I also believe that one glove does not fit every hand. For you, this could be the best option. Just regularly check your Vitamin D/ calcium levels and lipid profiles to make sure there are no adverse effects. I have an open mind to anything in the field of nutrition as the human body is incredibly diverse and adaptive to a spectrum of conditions. In short, different strokes for different folks. 
      As for all those cracks about "born again syndrome" and paleo available only for rich White people, that's just me being a smart ass. What's True Bite without me being a smart ass? There's no fun in that. Sorry, I'm not sorry.

Until Next Week Friends,
Michelle 

Wine Not? The Low Down on Red Wine's Health Benefits

      

       Red red wiiinnnnnnne, you make me feel so...healthy? One of the hottest topics in nutrition today is red wine. It's hyped up as a heart healthy, life expectancy boosting, metabolism pumping magical elixir. Guzzle down the red stuff and you'll be fit as a fiddle, all while getting a nice buzz on! Say no more *Glug glug glug*
       You may want to slow down on that next glass, my friends. I want to get my "drank" on and be healthy too, but there's a lot more to this picture.

       Desperate winos Proponents of this latest health buzz rely on red wine's antioxidant content, particularly resveratrol, which is found in grape skins. Resveratrol's super power is explained by how it increases the concentration of HDL, which is the "good" fat that protects the heart by acting as a dumpster for LDL, the "bad" fat that deposits plaque on arterial walls. By altering your lipid profile, resveratrol protects you from heart disease. Antioxidants in general are our bodies' infantry that fight off free radicals, the damaging agents that cause cancer. Resveratrol also keeps you looking fine by maintaining collagen and elastin, the connective tissue proteins we need for youthful skin.  

Red Wine for Heart Health

       Seems like magic, doesn't it? When I first found out about this, I wanted to take a bath in red wine. Then I remembered that behind all magic is smoke and mirrors. So like always, I investigated further.

Get Ready For Some Cracks in this Story

       Resveratrol is the key for red wine's power. Do you know how much resveratrol there actually is in a glass of wine? 1 mg. Do you know how much wine has enough resveratrol to activate its effects?  60 LITERS. Even if you could hypothetically drink 60 liters of wine, all the health benefits will be drowned in 60 liters of alcohol, not to mention massive amounts of sugar and calories. 
       This brings me to my next point. We all have different definitions of what constitutes "a glass" of wine. For some it's a few sips, and for others it's a whole bottle. The actual amount is 5 oz. 

NOT 60 Liters

       It is recommended to drink wine in moderation. Again, we all have different concepts of "moderation." To drink in moderation, women can have no more than 1 glass per day and men can have no more than 2. Many people overdo it and drink 3-4 glasses a night thinking that they are boosting their health. 

NOT Moderation

       Besides the fact that there clearly isn't enough reservatrol in 1-2 glasses of red wine, this isn't a healthy addition to your diet. There's an average of 105 calories in each glass of wine. That's about 100-200 extra calories every day. The same amount calorie wise if you added a cookie to your daily diet. This will surely pack on the pounds. 

"No pants! Too much wine and now they don't fit."

       Let's not forget wine's main ingredient: ALCOHOL. Drinking too much alcohol has serious health consequences: liver damage, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, obesity, certain cancers, and cardiomyopathy (weakened heart muscles) to name a few. Furthermore, many conditions can be worsened by regular alcohol consumption, such as depression, high triglycerides, pancreatitis, liver disease, and congestive heart failure. 
       Resveratrol doesn't solely reside in red wine. It's also found in peanuts, blueberries, cranberries, and actual grapes that haven't been fermented into alcohol. So, you can obtain it through a healthier avenue. It's also available in a supplement form, but your body does not absorb most of the resveratrol in supplements, so it's of questionable benefit. 
       Furthermore, the studies that these big health claims are based on are quite dubious evidence. These studies show associations between wine consumption and health, they don't explain how any health parameters are improved. An association does not imply causation. There are a multitude of other factors that could have caused these results, such as the lifestyle of wine drinkers. It's unknown whether it is a component of the wine itself.
       What's even more unconvincing about these studies is that most of them used animals as subjects, not humans. Our bodies are not the same as those of lab rats. We respond differently to substances. The few studies that involved human subjects consisted of metabolically abnormal people (conditions such as diabetes or obesity). What works for them may not work for those of normal health. 
       I am in no way speaking poorly of wine. I am definitely a fan of  wine - sometimes a little too much, but that's a different story...
       Compared to other alcoholic beverages, it's more healthy considering its antioxidant content. No other alcoholic beverage has antioxidants. There could be benefits to drinking wine, but it's not a license to binge drink in the name of health. By all means, enjoy wine for the sake of catching a buzz, but don't chug it down to improve your lipid profile and heart health. Achieve these health benefits the right way: more fiber in the diet, fruits and vegetables, and increased physical activity. 
       If you're out on the town, go ahead and have a glass or two. Like I said, alcohol is fine in moderation. Just don't drink a bottle of wine and think you're being healthy- consuming a great amount of alcohol, sugar, and calories is never healthy.  

Being a lush is never healthy

       To go along with the theme of this post, I'll leave you with this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXt56MB-3vc 
the music video of UB40's "Red Red Wine".
       **Side note, this song came out years before I was born, so I never actually saw the video. I'm not sure what shocked me more, finding out how flimsy red wine's health claims are or the fact that this song is by a bunch of White boys from Britain? Wtf? I always imagined a Jamaican, Bob Marley look alike behind this. Hah!  

NOT Bob Marley

Cheers,
Michelle

Diet Soda: A Sweet Lie

A Sweet Lie. Don't Be Deceived. 

    Aspartame, does that name sound familiar? How about its commercial names, Nutrasweet and Equal? Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used in 6,000 diet food products, including one you're probably enjoying right now: diet soda. It seems like the healthier choice, choosing diet soda over regular. Why not swap out 160 calories for a can of sweet, caffeinated, bubbly goodness? Eat less calories, lose weight, and still get your sugar fix. What could go wrong? Read on my friend, read on. 
       Consuming aspartame containing diet products is making a deal with Monsanto the devil. Zero calories comes with hundreds of serious health consequences. Put down your Diet Coke, and look at what you're really eating. 
       Aspartame is composed of three compounds: aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol, all of which are extremely toxic to your body.
       Let's start with aspartic acid, 40% of aspartame. It is HIGHLY dangerous when in excess because it's a potent excitotoxin that overstimulates the neurons (brain cells) to death. It's especially harmful since it can pass the blood brain barrier straight into your 
noggin. 
       An excess of aspartic acid can cause adverse reactions such as headaches/ migraines, nausea, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. This explains A LOT. Every time I drink Diet Coke, I get a headache after. When I drink it while studying, I feel anxious and have difficulty concentrating. I thought this was just because of test nerves, but I never feel these effects when I choose coffee or water instead. I would tell you to think about what you just read, but if you're drinking a diet soda now, that's probably going to be hard. 

       Phenylalanine, which makes up 50% of aspartame, is found in dangerously high blood levels immediately after ingestion. This occurrence is extremely concerning since an overflow of phenylalanine has crazy effects...literally. Too much of this compound decreases serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin is what's known as your "happy" neurotransmitter. A balance of it ensures that you are emotionally stable. When serotonin levels drop after aspartame consumption, users can fall into depressed moods or even raging mood swings. 

Amanda Bynes Drinks Diet Coke...

Look How That Turned Out

       The last, and perhaps the worst, component of aspartame is methanol. It is only 10% of aspartame, which may seem like a negligible amount, but it's excreted very slowly from the body so it easily accumulates to toxic levels. Monsanto, the manufacturer of aspartame, asserts that methanol poisoning is not an issue since free methanol is only released when aspartame is heated to 86 degrees Fahrenheit. What Monsanto forgot to mention is that human body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. As soon as aspartame is consumed, its weak chemical bonds are broken by body heat and methanol deposits into your tissues.
       The EPA states that no more than 7.8 mg of aspartame should be consumed per day. 1 liter of diet soda, which is much less than the average person's daily intake, contains 56 mg. It is incredibly easy to get methanol poisoning from aspartame sweetened products. The symptoms of methanol poisoning include headaches, dizziness, vertigo, memory lapses, blurry vision, body numbness, neuritis, and behavioral disturbances. During Desert Storm, the US troops were "gifted" diet drinks. These drinks sat in the 120 degree Saudi Arabian sun. The results were disastrous as many of the troops suffered these symptoms in epidemic proportions. This outbreak was coined "Desert Storm Syndrome."

       Methanol degrades into an even worse substance in the human body: formaldehyde. That's right, FORMALDEHYDE! The same chemical that was used to preserve the dissected frogs in 7th grade science lab is now inside of you. Remember how your middle school science teacher forbade you from touching the frogs without surgical gloves since formaldehyde is a known carcinogen? I don't think he/she would be pleased to hear that you're drinking it either. Formaldehyde is a carcinogen that interferes with DNA replication and can even cause birth defects - which is why I get very sad when I see pregnant women drinking diet soda.

       Formaldehyde can even cause temporary or permanent blindness since it gets oxidized to formic acid, which is highly toxic to the ocular nerves. 
       In defense, Monsanto argues that methanol is in citric fruits. This is true, yet fruits also contain ethanol which halts methanol's toxic actions by competitively inhibiting it from turning into formaldehyde. Aspartame has no such antidote. Monsanto also argues that the fact that aspartame breaks up into the three components so easily is no cause for alarm since all of them are found naturally in food. Again, true, but when aspartic acid and phenylanine occur naturally in food, they are bound to proteins so they're released slowly and safely into digestion and metabolism. There are no protective proteins in aspartame. Methanol, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid are unbound, free, and ready to mess you up. You might as well be shooting them up. 
       Now, that you know aspartame can make you dumb, crazy, blind, and even give you cancer, do you still think it's worth it to drink diet soda? You probably will. Why? Because you think it's going to help you stay skinny. We all willingly ignore potential dangers if we think that we're going to look hot- this explains why the tanning bed business is still thriving. What can I say? We're all shallow. It's a fact of life.
       Here's another fact: aspartame makes you GAIN WEIGHT. Upon ingestion, aspartame is absorbed by the liver and broken down into its 3 components. This metabolic breakdown requires a great deal of energy, so there's less energy left in the liver cells for fat burning and metabolism, causing fat storage. This fat deposition can occur to an extent that results in fatty liver, a condition in which the liver is damaged and it's incredibly hard to lose weight.

What you think you'll look like...

...What you'll actually look like. Womp womp.

       Furthermore, aspartame inhibits synthesis of serotonin, which is needed to blunt carbohydrate cravings, ensuring that you eat an appropriate level of them. Drops in serotonin causes you to overeat carbohydrates, inevitably resulting in weight gain. 
       Aspartame destabilizes your blood sugar levels, which increases your appetite and causes intense food cravings. I always wondered why I ate much more during meals that were paired with Diet Coke. 

       Aspartame also causes fluid retention, which makes your body look bloated and increases cellulite. All of a sudden, diet soda seems like an oxymoron, doesn't it?
       With all of this information, you will probably still reach for a diet soda during your next meal. It's inevitable. Why? It's extremely ADDICTIVE. Methanol acts on the dopamine center of your brain, the same area that hard core drugs act on. 

       "Oh come on Michelle, if aspartame is really this dangerous how come it's allowed to be sold?" Fine, that's a fair argument. Let's look at the sordid history of aspartame's FDA approval. 
       It was discovered in 1965 by accident while a chemist was trying to make an anti-ulcer drug. Its manufacturing company, G.D. Searle (which was later acquired by Monsanto in '85), conducted many studies to prove its safety for FDA approval. In 1976, the FDA found that Searle's studies on aspartame's safety were "poorly conceived, carelessly executed, and inaccurately analyzed or reported"- verbatim from an FDA report. Samuel K. Skinner, the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, was appointed the head of a grand jury to investigate whether Searle's studies were falsified to conceal aspartame's toxicity. This investigation never took place as Skinner dropped the case. Shortly after doing so, Skinner left the Justice Department for a very high paying job at Sidley & Austin, the same law firm that represented Searle. Oh my, what a coincidence. I wonder how that happened? 
       The controversy did not stop there. In 1981, Searle was desperately trying to get FDA approval. Searle's then chairman, Donald H. Rumsfeld (who went on to become Bush's secretary of defense), decided to call in his markers to get it approved. That marker being Ronald Reagan. Shortly after Reagan appointed Arthur Hull Hayes as FDA commissioner, Hayes granted approval for aspartame. Barely a year later, Hayes left the FDA for a big consulting job at Searle's PR agency. See the pattern? 

Health Advice from Donald Rumsfeld

       When big money is involved, nothing is sacred. Not even the public's safety. Today, aspartame accounts for over 75% of adverse reactions to food additives reported to the FDA, yet there are curiously no measures taken to investigate its safety. 

       Yes, there are studies that show aspartame is safe, but guess who funds all of those studies? Monsanto. In this case, science does not decide the results of a study, the source of funding does. An analysis of the 166 most recent studies found that the 74 funded by Monsanto all "proved" aspartame's non-toxicity, while 84 of the 92 independent studies found it to be unsafe for consumption.  
       Aspartame is a liquid poison. Monsanto is marketing an addictive, neurotoxic, fat depositing, carcinogen to the public as a sugar-free diet product. After reading this, I hope that you will re-think your drink. I would honestly rather you drink a regular soda. It tastes better and it won't kill you. I'm not giving you free license to drink soda every day, but one can of pop every now and then is much better than diet soda every day. 

Until Next Week,
Michelle